However, wearable bioelectronics generally suffer from motion artifacts leading to misinterpretation and misdiagnoses, which is mainly due to the weak adhesion or imperfect conformability, and thus inconsistent interface between the electronics and skins 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Typically, wearable bioelectronics are structured in the form of patches that are soft, flexible, and/or stretchable 2, 3, 4 and thus, are beneficial to form contact with the curvilinear surfaces of the skin. The past decade has witnessed fast advances in wearable bioelectronics as a viable technology for epidermal sensing. Through directly interfacing electronic devices with the skin, information such as the state of the heart, the condition of muscle, the impedance, and hydration of the skin, can all be extracted 1. Human skin offers a wealth of physiological and physical information that can be utilized to monitor, prevent, and treat adverse health conditions. Additionally, electrical stimulation based on drawn-on-skin electronics demonstrates accelerated healing of skin wounds. Electrophysiological signal monitoring during motion shows drawn-on-skin electronics’ immunity to motion artifacts. Electronic inks, including conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics, are drawn on-demand in a freeform manner to develop devices, such as transistors, strain sensors, temperature sensors, heaters, skin hydration sensors, and electrophysiological sensors. Here, we present ultra-conformal, customizable, and deformable drawn-on-skin electronics, which is robust to motion due to strong adhesion and ultra-conformality of the electronic inks drawn directly on skin.
However, the existing wearable bioelectronics are susceptible to motion artifacts as they lack proper adhesion and conformal interfacing with the skin during motion. Recent advances in wearable bioelectronics directly embedded to the epidermal surface are a promising solution for future epidermal sensing. An accurate extraction of physiological and physical signals from human skin is crucial for health monitoring, disease prevention, and treatment.
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